Dual Citizenship in Spain

Spain’s dual citizenship policy offers a gateway to enhanced global mobility and cultural connectivity. While the country generally requires applicants to renounce their original nationality, exceptions exist for citizens of specific nations.

Eligible Countries for Dual Citizenship with Spain

Spain permits dual citizenship primarily through agreements with Ibero-American nations, former colonies, and select countries. The following countries have bilateral treaties allowing their citizens to retain their original nationality while acquiring Spanish citizenship:

• Ibero-American Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico (U.S. territory), Uruguay, Venezuela.
• Other Exemptions: Portugal, Equatorial Guinea, Philippines, Andorra, and France.

Notably, France’s inclusion stems from a 2021 agreement benefiting over 450,000 citizens across both nations. However, countries like Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Haiti are excluded from this arrangement.

Important Note: Nationals from non-listed countries (e.g., the U.S., Canada, or Australia) must formally renounce their original citizenship to naturalize as Spanish citizens.

Conditions for Obtaining Dual Citizenship

To qualify for Spanish citizenship—and by extension, dual nationality—applicants must meet the following criteria:

1. Residency Period:

• 10 years: Standard requirement for most foreigners.
• 5 years: For refugees.
• 2 years: For nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, or individuals of Sephardic Jewish heritage.
• 1 year: Spouses of Spanish citizens or individuals born in Spain.

2. Exams and Documentation:

• DELE A2 Exam: Proof of Spanish language proficiency (exempt for Ibero-American nationals).
• CCSE Exam: Test on Spanish culture, history, and legal norms.
• Required documents include a valid passport, NIE (foreigner ID number), criminal record certificate, birth certificate, and proof of residency.

3. Renunciation of Previous Nationality: Non-exempt applicants must submit a formal renunciation at their home country’s embassy after their Spanish citizenship is approved.

4. Financial Stability: Applicants must demonstrate sufficient economic means to support themselves.

The process typically takes 5–12 months and costs approximately €100 in administrative fees.

Advantages of Dual Citizenship

Holding Spanish dual citizenship unlocks significant benefits:

• EU Freedom: Live, work, or study in any EU/EEA country without visas or permits.
• Visa-Free Travel: Spanish passport holders enjoy visa-free access to 150+ countries, easing travel for nationals from visa-restricted nations.
• Cultural Preservation: Retain emotional and legal ties to your homeland while embracing Spanish identity.
• Family Benefits: Pass dual citizenship to children and spouses, streamlining their access to opportunities.
• Political Rights: Vote in Spanish elections and engage in civic activities.

Implications and Responsibilities

Dual citizenship is not without complexities:

• Legal Compliance: While residing in Spain, local laws take precedence. Conversely, when in your other country of nationality, their laws apply.
• Tax Obligations: Spain taxes residents on worldwide income. Consult a tax advisor to navigate dual liabilities.
• Citizenship Retention: Spain may revoke citizenship if you reside abroad for 3+ years without renewing your Spanish passport or declaring intent to retain it.
• Military Service: Some countries (e.g., South Korea) require compulsory service for citizens, even if living abroad.

Existing Dual Citizens

If you already hold dual citizenship (e.g., Italian-Argentinian), note the following:

• Application Consistency: You must apply for Spanish citizenship using the nationality under which you entered Spain and obtained residency.
• Strategic Choices: Entering with an Ibero-American passport reduces residency requirements to 2 years and exempts you from the DELE exam. EU nationals, however, benefit from easier residency permits.

For instance, an American-Mexican dual citizen entering Spain with their Mexican passport could naturalize in 2 years, bypassing the language test.

Navigating the Process with Expert Guidance

Spain’s dual citizenship framework is a powerful tool for global citizens, but its intricacies demand careful planning. From understanding eligibility to compiling documentation, each step requires precision. At Navarra Associate, our experienced immigration attorneys provide end-to-end support—whether preparing for exams, securing residency, or navigating renunciation procedures. Let us streamline your journey to becoming a Spanish citizen while preserving your heritage.

By leveraging Spain’s exemptions and agreements, dual citizenship becomes more than a legal status — it’s a bridge between cultures, opportunities, and generations. With the right guidance, you can unlock this transformative privilege seamlessly. Contact us today to schedule a consultation and turn your dual citizenship aspirations into reality.